In an article entitled “The Lourdes Medical Cures Revisited”
Bernard Francis, Ester M. Sternberg and Elizabeth Fee provide something closer
to a scientific appraisal.[1]
They studied 411 patents cured in 1909-14 and thoroughly reviewed 25 cures
acknowledged between 1927 and 1976. By “acknowledged” they mean cures that were
officially declared “Miracles” by the church. “the Lourdes Phenomena
extraordinary in many respects still awaits scientific explanation.”[2]
They took the 411 cures from the era known as “the golden age or Lourdes.”
This is the period from 1909-14 which was the time when the popularity was at
its height, the medical committee was functioning smoothly with new rules, and
crowds were pouring in. In the early days right after the visions began there
were many claims of miracles that went unrecorded, or that were not help up to
a scrutiny of criteria or that weren’t recorded in a systematic fashion. This
state of affairs evolved through the late ninetieth century with the imposition
of rules and the evolution of the medical board. Since the 70’s the official
miracles have stopped and the crowds are way down and these is less of sense of
miracles going on. This is largely because of the great proficiency of medical
diagnosis and treatment as well as the strident nature of the rules. The
situation vastly improved as a fine tuned medical miracle documenting machine
evolved out of the end of the ninetieth century.
Data on the
early period is found in the archives of the sanctuary of Notre Dame of Lourdes
(April 1868-June 1944). Those archives provide mainly unsubstantiated and
anecdotal evidence. They also used Ruth Harris’s scholarly work Lourdes,
Body and Spirit in the Secular Age. For the period 1885-1914 they also
used Annales of Notre Dame de Lourdes vol 17-47, George Bertirins Historie
Critique Des Evenments de Lourdes, and
a host of other materials.[3]
The Authors set out to determine if Lourdes
cures really were cures. Their working methodology for this task was to
evaluate the nature of the disease and then to assess the nature of the
diagnostic criteria and evidence used for deciding that cure had occurred. The
criteria improved over the years as diagnostic ability improved. They studied
411 patents cured between 1911-1914 and thoroughly reviewed 25 cures between
1947 and present. Their conclusion “the Lourdes
phenomena still extraordinary in many respects still awaits scientific
explanation.”[4] The nature of the cures
has changed over time. The medical committee was not in place in the beginning
and it had different periods of improvement. Speaking of the “golden age”
around 1914, Francis and his colleagues write, “led by talented position
Boissarie, and his assistant Dr. Cox,
the medical Bureau is said to have improved its method and gained a
reputation for excellence, but it faced a daunting task…150,000 pilgrims a
year.”[5]
Yet some of the cures of that era were deemed “remarkable.” Marie Lebranchu and
Marie Lemarchand cured of Pulmonary Tuberculosis. That cure was attended by the
famous atheist writer Emile Zola; Grabiel Gargam cured of post traumatic
paraplegia in 1901 and several others.[6]
Prior to the cure patents were described as being in decline or in an “alarming
state of health.” After “patients confined to bed for years would stand and
walk regain their weight resume their prior activity. 96 cured patients were
evaluated again one year latter...they were found healthy and as far as we now
the recoveries stood he test of time.”[7]
Modern researchers reading the accounts of many female patents form this period
can sense the neurotic nature of some symptoms. There were obvious cases
hysteria. There are also cases of anatomical abnormalities. “Scores of visiting
physicians witnessed the disappearance of macroscopic lesions, easy to identify
such as external tumors, urine fibromass, and open wounds and suppurative fecal
fistulae.”[8]
The cures
were said to be instantaneous is 59 percent of 382 cases for which they had
adequate records; this is all within the gold age period.[9]
During the golden age there were strange spontaneous healings in the town in
such places as breakfast table, during a procession, in the hospital ward in
town.[10]
Apparently it was WWI that put the Kybosh on the golden age. The committee
changed leadership many times and doctors were scarce due to the war.[11]
1947-2006 was marked by improved diagnostics, new young physicians more careful
attitudes. The created an international committee designed to review the work
of the Bureau.[12] There are 25 patients cured and their cures
analyzed form this period. The Francis article is extremely though with sound
medical and scholarly caution. They take a critical view of the subject mater
and the data. The data is very thorough. They use a huge number of sources.
They tally the kinds of diagnosis and which diseases were the most cured and
the most reported. TB was always the leading disease and GI tract problems were
very common. The authors describe a development over time from an early phase
of inadequate reporting and uncritical acceptance of cure, to a modern set up
which is well regarded and scientific.[13]
Those standards of excellence are now outdated, the rules have been upgraded.
Modern controversy stems form the declining reports due to better diagnostics
and the difficulty in finding someone who hasn’t sought medical cures. There is
a controversy over relaxing the rules. Thus all of this leads Francis et al to
speak of “cures” rather than Miracles.
The Critical assessment of the authors:
If skeptics seek absolute scientific proof so
strong that they can’t argue and if they seek to be completely won over such
that they can no longer struggle with doubt, they are no going to find that
kind of absolute proof in this article, and I suspect not at Lourdes or
anywhere else. On the other hand there is more than enough here to totally do
away with the knee jerk bigotry that says Lourdes
miracles are nonsense, just laudable stupidity and a thing of derision to be
classed with UFO abductions. That sort of view is totally disproved by the
article. If one takes the article as evidence of supernatural reality its not
without its problems. If one allows the article shed light on the question of supernatural
effects, there’s more than enough evidence to see that one can reasonably place
confidence in such notions. In their critical
assessment the authors find that the word “cure” is misunderstood. It is not
taken as a euphemism for “miracle.” Nor does it imply absolute knowledge of a permanent
state of removal of disease. They are improvements in the state of health. “By
cross checking avaible data we arrived at a rough estimate of medical events
acknowledged as ‘cures’ as 4,516, in the period 1858-1976.”[14]
Now most of these cures occurred before WWII and were most of them were based
upon what is described as “flimsy evidence.” There was an expectation of
miracles and no follow up. For that reason the authors find that it is impossible
to access the number of valid cures before 1947. that’s not to say that there
aren’t cases that can’t be validated individually. There has been a decline in the number of
cures for the last one hundred years, and the authors list several factors as
the reason for this: increasing efficiency of modern medicine (diagnostic equipment
and better definitions for the nature of a condition), moreover Lambertini’s canons
that had to be acknowledged to qualify a miracle have actually stood in the way
of being able to declare many cases as miracles.
The
requirements for these canons are as follows: (a) must be sever, incurable, or
difficult to treat, (b) not to be in a final stage (c) no curative treatment
given (d) the cure must be instantaneous (d) cure must be complete without relapse.
One can see this is so strict that’s one of the major reasons there are so few
official miracles. There are examples from certain periods where Lambertini
canons have just been violated, but in do doing they found remarkable cures. In
their series of study of twenty five cured patients six were cured of
terminally ill diseases, eight were cured in a matter of days or months, or
some even years, this is a sharp departure. The canons “seem to have been rescinded”
in 2006. They just made it too difficult to find anyone who fills the bill.” It
was obvious they no longer applied to what was observed.”[15]
That’s one thing that makes for the category I’ve spoken of before of the “remarkable
case.” There are only 67 official miracles but 7000 remarkable cases. Those are
based upon modern study of the committee not part of this study. Miracles are
not for the Catholic Church on the same level as the sacraments or the creeds
so belief in them is not obligatory.[16]
A parallel is drawn by the author between their work and that of Jacquelyn
Douffin. The Pathetical conditions are the same the proportion of tuberculosis neurological
disorders and GI diseases were distributed in similar fashion and the manner of
the cures were the same.
The authors
find that the history of Lourdes
unfolds like the history of medicine itself. The diseases were diverse the accuracy
of diagnosis and follow up badly done in the beginning and growing in sharpness
and accuracy over time. That is no disproof of miracles. One of the findings of
the authors is that “the Lourdes
cures have been “beyond the natural course of nature, ” not “contrary to nature”
or “breaking natural law.” To give an example they use the distinction between
a case of pulmonary tuberculosis considered incurable, vs. growing back an
amputated limb, which is contrary to nature, breaking the law of nature.[17]
That’s a problematic statement as we will find in the next chapter. If physical
laws are nothing more then descriptions of our observations about how the
universe behaves than nothing we find can be contrary to that law because that’s
what we find happening. On the other to make such a distinction between “the
course” of nature, which is based upon our observations, and “laws” assumes
form the outset the understanding of a higher law. For skeptic to make use of
the distinction is acknowledge the need for a higher sense of order (“law”) as opposed
to just they way we observe the universe.
Mangiapan
did the only retrospective study from 1947-76. “Thirteen patients out of twenty-five
(tables 3 and 4) died nineteen to fifty-seven years after the cure and without relapse
of the disease. For nine subjects living in 2008, the time elapsed since the
cure was ten to fifty-four years.”[18]
They find that four cases of multiple sclerosis had remissions of four year
duration that is equivalent to assumed cure. Four cases of tb were actually
cured. The speed of the curse is without known equivalent and makes for
remarkable cases. Two were taken out of the study key requirements weren’t met.
Of twenty-five they have misgivings about eight. The reasons for this are: (a)
all the criteria were not met, (b) lack diagnostic evidence, (c) inadequate follow-up
(d) possible influence of possible treatments (e) possible diagnostic error (f)
possible diagnostic error (g) relapse (h) outcome in doubt.[19] This
means that while eight can be doubted and two discarded seventeen are solidly documented
cures. Further findings looking back over the entire history of the phenomena
the researchers suggest that about 1/3 of the cases involve cures that were not
spontaneous but required days or weeks. The researchers find that there are
significant mental factors present and an atmosphere conducive to healing but
they don’t make any conclusion about the influence of psychosomatic cures and
they don’t try to make such an excuse to “explain” it all. It might also be
worth pointing out even though they can’t be studied there’s an “underside” of
Lourdes cures of people who are healed in connection prayers involving Lourdes
or use of the water away form the shrine who never report in but send
information so that a plaque can be put up. This number has been increasing was
about ninety-four in 2008. While they cant’ really be claimed as cures they can’t
be studied they suggest the possibly of healing outside the domain of Lourdes.[20]
The conclusion of the authors:
Their conclusion is basically: “We don’t really know if God
is working miracles at Lourdes or
not, the situation is not clear enough to affirm or deny such a cliam. “ Yet
they make the frank admission that the way people see it will be determined by
their view on religion and belief. While that may seem like a refutation to
some, it’s all we need to undermine the closed realm of discourse on the
subject. This will be seen in the next chapter.
…the least that can be stated is that
the exposures to Lourdes and its representations (Lourdes water, mental
images…) in a context of prayer have induced an exceptional usually
instantaneous, symptomatic, and at best physical cures of widely different
diseases. Although what follows is regarded by some as a hackneyed concept, any
and all scholars of Lourdes have come to agree with one of two equally
acceptable—but seemingly conflicting and irreconcilable—points of view on the
core issue, are the Lourdes cures a matter of
divine intervention or not? Faith is set against science…uncanny and
wired, the cures are currently beyond our ken but still impressive, incredibly
effective and awaiting scientific explanation. Creating a theoretical
explanatory framework could be within reach of neurophysiologists in the next
decade…We reached the same conclusion as Carrel some 80 to one hundred years
ago “instead of being a simple place of miracles of interest only to the pious Lourdes
presents a considerable scientific interest….although uncommon the miraculous
cures are evidence of somatic and mental processes we do not know.”[21]
While the findings of Francis et al do not provide
conclusive proof of miracles do not allow us state that miracles are
scientifically proved, the also reject and disprove the mocking assertions of skeptics
that Lourdes miracles are just laughable nonsense to be dismissed with UFO
abductions and Bigfoot.
There are
those who will argue that unless the causes are all uniform and proven and pile
up a huge number they can’t be miracles because surely if there was a loving
God working miracles he would have to succeed every time and have to work them every
time he’s asked. We can’t subject God’s will to numbers. We can’t assume we
control the process or that God is obligated to heal every time. That’s we
should take it case by case and not attaches numbers. Lourdes
does represent “extraordinary proof” in the sense that this concept if
meaningful in connection with Bayes’s theorem. That concept does not refer to bizarre
way out things such as UFO abductions but to whatever stands out form the
statistical norm; seventeen out of twenty-five is not bad.
[1] Bernard Francis et al,
“The Lourdes Medical Cures Re-visited,” Journal of the History of Medicine and
Allied Sciences, Oxford: Oxford
University Press. (10.1093/jhmas/jrs041) 2012 pdf downloaded SMU page 1-28 all the page numbers given are from pdf
Bernard Francis is former professor Emeritus of
medicine, Unversite Claude Bernard Lyon. Elisabeth Sternberg taught at National
Institute of Mental Health and The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda,
Maryland. Elisabeth Fee was at National
Library of Medicine and National Institutes of Health, Bethesda,
Maryland.
[2] ibid
[3] ibid
[4] ibid, abstract.
[5] Ibid, pdf page 8
[6] ibid
[7] ibid 9
[8] ibid 10
[9] ibid, 12
[10] ibid
[11] ibid
[12] ibid, 13
[13] ibid 21
[14] ibid 19
[15] ibid 20
[16] ibid they sight
Catechism of the Catholic Chruch part 3 section 1 chapter 3 article 2, grace
2003.The Catholic believer may reject all ecclesiastical miracles as pious
fables and he may reject modern miracles as imagination.
[17] Ibid 21
[18i] ibid 23 Mangiapan was president of the
medical bureau
[19] ibid 24
[20] ibid, 25-27
[21] ibid 27
No comments:
Post a Comment